Chronic stress can keep the body in a prolonged state of alert, raising blood pressure, inflammation and stress hormones while encouraging unhealthy habits that may increase the risk of heart disease over time.
Stress is a normal part of life, but when it continues for weeks, months or longer, it can begin to affect the cardiovascular system.
During stressful situations, the body releases hormones including adrenaline and cortisol, triggering the familiar “fight or flight” response. Heart rate increases, blood vessels constrict and blood pressure rises temporarily. When this response is repeatedly activated, the strain may contribute to cardiovascular problems.
How chronic stress affects the heart
Long-term stress has been associated with higher blood pressure, inflammation and changes in blood vessel function. Research also suggests that people with higher levels of stress hormones may face increased cardiovascular disease risk.
Inflammation is considered one possible biological link between psychological stress and coronary heart disease. Persistent inflammatory activity can contribute to damage inside blood vessels and the development of atherosclerosis.
Stress can also affect the heart indirectly.
People experiencing prolonged pressure may sleep poorly, exercise less, overeat, smoke or consume more alcohol. These behaviours can contribute to obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes and hypertension, all established cardiovascular risk factors.
Severe stress can affect the heart suddenly
Intense emotional stress can sometimes trigger cardiovascular events in vulnerable people.
It can also cause Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, commonly known as broken heart syndrome, in which the heart muscle temporarily weakens and symptoms can resemble a heart attack.
What may help reduce stress
Health experts recommend regular physical activity, sufficient sleep, mindfulness, relaxation exercises and maintaining social connections.
Mayo Clinic notes that exercise, meditation and other relaxation techniques can help manage stress, while adults should generally aim for seven to nine hours of sleep each night.
Regular checks of blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar can also help identify cardiovascular risks before symptoms appear.
People who find stress difficult to manage, or who experience persistent anxiety or depression, should consider discussing it with a healthcare professional.
Impact to expect
Greater awareness of chronic stress as a cardiovascular risk factor may encourage people to treat stress management as part of routine heart health alongside exercise, healthy eating and regular medical screening.
